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As the party faced disintegration, with the help of the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party a new program and strategic line for completion of the PDR was adopted by the 1951 Special Conference. It also failed to make a concrete analysis of the Indian situation and put forward a party program and path of revolution accordingly. Though the Second Congress of the Party held in 1948 denounced this right deviation and elected a new leadership, it took a left adventurist line, calling for urban insurrections to capture power without any subjective preparations.
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This compromising position of the CPI made it easier for the British colonialists to communally divide the country into India and Pakistan and to hand over power to Congress and Muslim League leaderships. Even in the post Second World War situation, when the socialist forces had scored significant victories around the world, when the struggles of the working class, the peasantry and other oppressed sections had intensified and when even the Naval force of the colonial raj had revolted, the CPI leadership did not rectify its mistakes and try to lead the people's democratic revolution (PDR) forward. During the Second World War when the objective conditions for leading the independence struggle forward became excellent, due its decision to back the tactical alliance formed by Soviet Union with Britain, US and France in the war against fascist alliance led by Nazi Germany, the CPI supported the colonial power, a mistake that alienated it from the raging independence struggle. As a result, in effect it became a tail of the Congress and Muslim League during this period. It did not recognize the importance of establishing the leadership of the working class in the independence struggle for the completion of the task of leading the democratic revolution to victory. But the weakness of the communist movement lied in- a) its failure to recognize the comprador character of the big bourgeoisie, which was developing in collaboration with the colonial masters and b) subservience of Congress and Muslim League leaderships to this class and the feudal landlords. This growth of the communist party and the working class movement created conditions for its taking the lead in putting forward the slogan of Purna Swaraj (full independence) even before the independence movement led by the congress party. Many anti- feudal struggles of the peasantry and working class struggles for better wages and living conditions were waged. By 1930s the CPI had succeeded in building the party and different class and mass organizations in various parts of the country. From 1920 onwards communist groups were formed within and outside the country, leading later to the formation of the Communist party of India (CPI). It was the 1917 October Revolution in Russia which brought the first salvos of Marxism-Leninism to the then British colony, India. In order to make a concrete analysis of the genesis of the neo-colonial phase in India and the reasons for the delay in understanding this important aspect in the Indian context by the communist movement, one must begin with an over view of the experience of the nine decades of the communist movement in India. This introduction has been prepared based mainly on the paper by presented by the party at this international seminar. An international seminar on this question, organized during the Second Conference of the International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (ICOR) during April, 2014, helped further develop discussions on this question within the international communist movement. As a result, with other forces also contributing to its discussion and further development, more and more sections of the Marxist-Leninist forces are adopting this stand, both within India and internationally. Since then, during the last three years, widespread discussions have taken place on this important question, both inside and outside the Party in India, and at the international level. It was first brought out in November, 2011, during the Ninth Congress at Bhubaneswar with the objective of explaining the ideological- political stand taken by the CPI(ML) Red Star on the transformation of imperialist plunder from colonial to neo-colonial phase in the post-Second World War period. James is published now during the Tenth Congress of the Party. It is a matter of great pleasure that an updated second edition of the book “Imperialism in the neo-colonial phase" by com.